Robust cost management has been a core discipline at SABB, and throughout the integration, the cumulative costs associated with joining the banks together have been at the lower end of the guidance range.
Underlying expenses fell 3% in 2021 despite a ramp up towards the end of the year, as we commenced the investment stage of our strategy. The impact of annualised synergies has generally offset increased expenditure and inflationary pressures. Despite our strong record on cost management, underlying CER ratio increased to 45% and this was more reflective of the challenging revenue environment.